نشریه تحلیل های اقتصادی توسعه ایران
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Over the past few decades, the distribution of income has become increasingly important to researchers and policymakers. There is a consensus that the most important cause of poverty is not the lack of income but its unjust distribution. Therefore, besides considering economic growth, policymakers use some tools such as insurance to improve income distribution. The present study estimates the effect of private insurance o n income inequality in 50 selected countries between 2000 and 2020 using the dynamic panel data method. The results show that the variable of insurance penetration coefficient has a negative and significant effect o n income inequality. Private insurance not only prevents further poverty but also increases household confidence and stability in consuming and investment behavior. This enabled them to take advantage o f more range o f income opportunities. Therefore, expanding private insurance to reduce income inequality and economic development should be considered a priority.

Linear economy and circular economy are two opposing concepts in today's world. The basic principles of linear economy rely on the uncontrolled flow of waste consumption and increasing production.In contrast, the circular economy is based on efficient design to eliminate waste with respect to the social, economic, environmental and conscious behaviors of resource consumption.The purpose of this review article is to investigate the differences between the two types of economics, the factors affecting the implementation of circular economy and to present the SWOT circular and linear economics.In this review study conducted in 1399, articles indexed in Irandoc, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were used.23243 articles (from 14 different countries) were reviewed, which included qualitative and quantitative research from 2019.The results of these searches were refined in stages by studying the title, abstract and complete article. The results showed that the circular economy model, based on its unique infrastructure principles, offers benefits in solving economic, environmental and social challenges, creating sustainable development and more business survival.

The second version of the strategic plan of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Trade was compiled in the spring of 2017, and it introduced 12 leading sections. In this article, using the input-output table of 2016, which shows the latest structure of Iran's economy, the leading sectors in the Iranian economy (with emphasis on industry sub-sectors) are identified and from this Through, the strategic plan is examined. According to the research results, it is necessary to review the leading sections in the strategic plan, for the following reasons: a) Some of the sections introduced in the strategic plan, such as textiles and clothing and rubber and plastic industries in the economy Iran is not a leader; B) Contrary to the text of the strategic plan, high-tech industries do not have a share in the leading sectors of the Iranian economy; While mid-tech industries are recognized as leaders; C) The leading sectors have been identified without simultaneously considering the three factors of final demand size, value added and cross-sectoral links; D) Achieving economic growth in the industrial sector is achieved by investing in heavy industries and can not focus on small and medium industries due to lack of capital.

Among decision theories under risk and uncertainty, cumulative prospect theory has become very popular, which is evident in its more than 50,000 citations. In applied studies or for scenario making and explaining many phenomena many researchers use the initial parameters estimated by Kahnemann and Torsky (1979). Given the impact of environment and culture on risky behavior and parameters of prospect theory, the present paper elicits the utility and probability weighting functions in both gain and loss domains and estimates parameters of their functional forms. By estimating all parameters of cumulative prospect theory, this paper tries to provide an integrated picture of people's attitude towards risk from an Iranian sample. In addition, the superiority of this theory over expected utility is indirectly tested. Findings confirm many predictions of cumulative prospect theory such as the fourfold pattern of risk attitude and concavity of value function over gains and its convexity over losses. The findings of this experiment show the superiority of cumulative prospect theory over expected utility theory. The findings show that people's perceptions of probabilities are not linear and their degree of risk aversion depends on probabilities. More specifically, most subjects behaved according to the pattern of reducing risk aversion by increasing the probability of loss and increasing risk aversion by increasing the probability of gain. These findings are consistent with the fourfold pattern of risk attitude and indicate that the behavior of the sample is not different from previous samples.

According to the mutual relationship of human development and distribution of opportunities in the process of development, improvement of human development that is possible through the same opportunities in different provinces is necessary to advance goals in national and regional level as the main factor. On the other hand the ways of improving human development index is to focus on the regional and national effective components. Thus, the check and identification of how the distribution of opportunities in the provinces of the region is necessary to improve human development. In this research opportunities are categorized in 5 dimensions: economic, infrastructural, social, cultural, knowledge and human and health capital-environmental, and their relationship with human development for Iran provinces during the period of 2018-2005 with the panel data approach, Principal Component Analysis method has been analyzed, that the results show the positive impact of various opportunities on human development.

Unbalanced growth models emphasize the selection of a key sector and investment in it as a leading sector in order to achieve economic growth and development. Given the limited resources in developing countries, identifying and determining key activities from a policy perspective and adopting a strategy for economic development is important. It has a special feature. Meanwhile, the regions (provinces) in Iran as a vast country have different economic, social and geographical characteristics, and therefore it can be said that planning in each province should be done according to the specific conditions of that province and from this perspective the choice Key sectors in each province are of particular importance. For this purpose, in the present study, the sectoral links in the economy of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province have been investigated; In which the national output data table of 1390 of the Statistics Center of Iran and regional accounts have been used. The results show that based on the new approach, the agricultural, hunting and forestry sectors and the industrial sector have been obtained as drivers; Attention to the development policies of agricultural-related industries is essential for the growth of the province's economy

Digital currency analysis, especially Bitcoin, as the most popular digital currency, has received a lot of attention in recent years. The reason for this can be related to its innovative features, simplicity, transparency and increasing popularity. Since its introduction, Bitcoin has created great challenges and opportunities for policymakers, economists, entrepreneurs and consumers. The main purpose of writing this article is to investigate and analyze the fluctuations and returns of Bitcoin using univariate conditional variance heterogeneous autoregression models in the period between March 2012 and March 2019. In this framework, GARCH, GJR-GARCH, TGARCH EGARCH and GARCH-M univariate GARCH models are used. The results show that the best model for risk assessment in univariate GARCH models is GARCH-M model, because the liquidity risk predicts the Bitcoin price index with less error than other univariate models. Also, the results obtained in the EGARCH model show that there are no leverage effects in Bitcoin rate changes and the estimated model is a symmetric model. Examining several other univariate GARCH models also showed that the price of Bitcoin has symmetry in positive and negative news, this means that positive and negative shocks have the same effect on the price of bitcoin.

Globesity means the shift in nutrition style resulting from globalization is increasing in developing countries. Although, economic globalization, ie international trade and foreign direct investment can affect nutrition and health through GDP. Changing the consumption style and culture and approaching to the consumption style of business partners through cultural, social and political globalization can increase obesity and overweight in developing countries. In this study, we examine the impact of different dimensions of globalization (economic, political, cultural and social) on obesity and overweight in 30 selected developing countries during the years 1995-2019 using the threshold panel method. The results indicate that all dimensions of globalization (economic, political, cultural and social) have a positive and significant effect on obesity and overweight. Moreover, in examining the intensity of the impact of the dimensions of globalization, cultural and social globalization have more impact on obesity and overweight than economic and political globalization, respectively. In particular, the intensity of the impact in both thresholds in all dimensions of globalization except the economic dimension after the regime change is greater than its before and its impact in economic and political globalization on obesity is more than overweight and in cultural and social globalization on overweigh is more than obesity.

Environmental crises caused by the combustion of energy carriers require efficient economic policies, and carbon dioxide taxation is one of the policies that policymakers have always feared about its distributional effects. therefore, the main purpose of this study is to study the distributive effect of carbon taxation in Iran. The study was conducted using the SAM-based multiplier approach in the first stage and then the structural path analysis in the framework of SAM-based. In the experimental part, in order to operationalize the model, the social accounting matrix of 2011 of the Parliamentary Research Center and the tax rate of eighty thousand Rials per ton have been used as a statistical basis. The results show that among the economic sectors, electricity pays the highest taxes due to high consumption of petroleum products, and households are directly and indirectly affected by the tax situation. They contribute directly to the tax in proportion to the consumption of fossil fuels directly, as well as to the consumption of goods produced indirectly from fossil fuels. The results showed that high-income households in rural and urban areas, and urban households will bear more tax burden and the cost-of-living index of households will increase by 2.8% with the above tax. The results showed, the service, agriculture and food sectors indirectly play an important role in the cost-of-living index of households. In examining the structural path analysis, to the household cost of living index, the direct paths of polluting sectors are more important than the indirect paths.

As one of the most polluted countries in the world, Iran faces the challenges of increasing CO2 emissions and its environmental impact. In order for Iran to achieve sustainable growth, it is necessary to identify the factors that reduce environmental pollution. To this end, this study empirically examines the environmental consequences of income, human capital, globalization, renewable energy consumption and trade openness for Iran within the framework of the Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC) hypothesis. In this paper, the Augmented ARDL Approach with a Structural Break is used to examine the annual time series data during the period 1979-2017. These findings indicate that the EKC hypothesis does not apply to Iran and that a U-shaped relationship between environmental pollution and income levels for CO2 emissions and ecological footprints has been established. The results also show that globalization, open trade and income pollute the environment, while increasing human capital reduces the ecological footprint in the long run. Renewable energy consumption reduces the ecological footprint but has no effect on CO2 emissions. This study shows that human capital has a key role in reducing environmental degradation in Iran and renewable energy is not enough to meet environmental needs.

One of the obstacles affecting the financial decisions of managers is the occurrence of financial crises in the world, and in the current context of the corona virus crisis, it also affects the global economy, including the Iranian economy. The present study examines the comparative effect of the global financial crisis and the corona crisis on the Iranian capital market. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of methodology of correlation is causal (post-event).The statistical population of the study on the Tehran Stock Exchange and were surveyed over a period of 14 years between 2007 and 2020. The method used to collect information was a library and the relevant data for measuring variables were collected from the site of the stock exchange and technology management of the stock exchange and preliminary calculations were performed in Excel software. Then, Eviews software version 12 was used to test the research hypotheses.The results of the study show that the global financial crisis has a negative impact on the Iranian stock market index. Corona virus outbreak crisis affects Iran's stock market index. The impact of the corona crisis on the stock market index is greater than the global financial crisis. These results were also confirmed by industry index. But for the OTC index, the impact of the financial crisis on the OTC index of Iran is not significant. But the crisis of Corona virus outbreak has a positive effect on Iran's OTC index.

In this paper we try to show that development is a cultural changes which can be defined as a whole expect rum of indivisible elements incorporating freedom, welfare, expanding opportunities and choices and establishing human rights in a civil society. It has been shown that as human society evolves the role of government and socio-economic institutions also change. These changes, however, are incremental, inexorable, gradual and spontaneous. This trend has its own spontaneous momentum rather than being driven from outside. Any attempt to speed up development and or direct society towards certain goal leads us nowhere. Spontaneous order has no goal or end and it largely happens by trial and error. Much of the human world is the result of human action but not of human design. It emerges from the interactions of millions, not from the plans of a few... By comparing the nature of two concepts of ‘spontaneous’ and ‘constructed’ orders, this paper try to show that mind is not something that individual is born with , as he is born with a brain, or something the brain produces, but a product of cultural evolution and is based more on imitation than on insights or reason. Man is not born wise, rational and good., but has to be taught to become so.It is not our intellect that created our morals, rather ,human interaction governed by our morals make possible the growth of reason and those capabilities associated with it.